Influence of the germination process of the seeds of two soybean cultivars BRS 133 and BRS 258 on bioactive compounds of germinated whole soybean flour / Influencia do processo de germinação dos grãos de duas cultivares de soja BRS 133 e BRS 258 nos compostos bioativos da farinha integral de soja germinada

Luz Maria Paucar Menacho

The consumption of soybean has increased considerably in recent years due to its functional properties, with the presence of many bioactive compounds such as isoflavones, of which the most important forms are genistein and daidzein, which, in determined concentrations, can provide health benefits to the consumer. New bioactive protein compounds are also being studied, such as lunasin, the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), lectin and non-protein bioactive compounds such as saponins. The objective of the present work was to study the influence of the parameters of the process of germination (time and temperature) of the soybean cultivars BRS 133 (low protein) and BRS 258 (high protein), both developed by EMBRAPA, on the bioactive compounds in the whole flour obtained from the germinated soybean (GSWF). Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effects of variations in germination time and temperature on the bioactive compounds using a central composite rotational design with two independent variables: germination time (x1) and germination temperature (x2). The design included eleven trials: four factorial points, four axial points and three repetitions at the central point. Germination was carried out between papers in a germination chamber, and at the end of the times and temperatures determined by the experimental design, the samples were frozen at -30ºC and subsequently freeze dried. The concentrations of isoflavones and saponins were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the concentrations of soluble protein, lunasin, Bowman-Birk inhibitor and lectin by ELISA (enzymelinked immunosorbent assay). The identification of the bioactive polypeptide lunasin was determined by the Western Blot assay and lipoxygenase activity by quantification of the band obtained in gel electrophoresis. The physicochemical characterization of the two Brazilian soybean cultivars allowed to conclude that, although their compositions were within the typical ranges for soybean nutrients, there was a distinct pattern for some nutrients and bioactive compounds with respect to the protein contents. The cultivar 133 presented a low protein content and high concentration of total isoflavones, whereas the cultivar BRS 258 presented a high protein content and low concentration of total isoflavones. The results showed that both the germination time and temperature had a significant influence on the composition and concentrations of bioactive compounds in the germinated soybean whole flour (GSWF). The optimum germination time and temperature ranges to obtain maximum contents of the bioactive compounds (lunasin, isoflavones and saponins) and maximum decrease in the anti-nutritional factors (BBI and lectin), were determined in this study, although currently these anti-nutritional factors are considered bioactive and of benefit to health. Using the cultivar BRS 133, a germination time of 42 hours at 25ºC resulted in an increase of 61.66% in lunasin concentration, a decrease of 58.73% in lectin concentration and a decrease of 69.95% in lipoxygenase activity. A significant increase in the concentrations of the aglycone isoflavones (daizein and genistein) and total concentration of saponins was observed with a germination time of 63 h at a temperature of 30ºC. In these conditions, genistein concentration in GSWF, as compared to the non-germinated soybean, resulted in an increase of 212.29% of this bioactive flavonoid. With the cultivar BRS 258, the germination process resulted in a reduction in BBI, lectin and lipoxygenase activity. Low germination times of 12 h (-1) and temperatures 25 ºC (0) resulted in a greater concentration of lunasin. An increase in the germination time from 12 h (-1) to 72 h (+1) at 25 ºC resulted in a 31.9% increase in soluble protein, a 27.0% decrease in the concentration of BBI and a 72.6% decrease in lectin concentration. With this cultivar, a significant increase in the concentration of the aglycone isoflavones (daizein and genistein) and total saponins was also observed with a germination time of 63 h and temperature of 30 ºC.

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